Halogens Funcational Group


 
 
Concept Explanation
 

Halogens Funcational Group

Halogen derivatives of alkanes, alkenes and alkynes are known as alkyl halides (haloalkenes), alkenyl halides (haloalkanes) alkynyl halides (haloalkynes) respectively.

Besides the nature and number of halogen atoms, alkyl halides may be classified into primary (1^o), secondary (2^o) and tertiary (3^o) according to the nature of the carbon atom bearing halogen.

                                               CH_3CH_2CI, ; ; ; ; ; (CH_3)_2CHCl, ; ; ; ; ; ; (CH_3)_3CCl

                                               ethyl chloride (1^o)     Isopropyl chloride (2^o)       tert. Butyl chloride (3^o)

                                                                                (-CI ; on ; 2^oC)                 (-CI; on ; 3^oC)

Methods of Preparation

(i)   From alcohols with  

HX,PX_3(X=1, Br,CI); ; or ; ; SOCI_2

R-OH+HXrightarrow RX+H_2O

R-OH+PCI_5rightarrow R-CI+POCI_3+HCI

(ii) Addition of hydrogen halides to alkenes.          

    CH_2=CH_2+HBr rightarrow CH_3-CH_2Br

(iii)  From alkanes                                         

  R-H+X_2 overset{Delta ; or ; hv}{rightarrow} R-X+HX(X=CI,Br; or ; 1)

(iv)  From ethers                                      

       R-O-R+2HX overset{373 ; K}{rightarrow}2R-X+H_2O(X=Br ; or ; 1)

Physical Properties

(i)  Solubility: Alkyl halides are insoluble in water.

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Sample Questions
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Question : 1

Which of the following are correct :

(a) Halogen derivatives of alkynes are known as alkynyl halides.

(b) Stability decreases as the strength of C - X bond decreases.

Right Option : C
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Question : 2

Halogen derivatives of alkenes are known as _______________________.

Right Option : A
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Question : 3

Halogen derivatives of alkanes are known as ________________________.

Right Option : B
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